Pride And Prejudice Essay - 1808 Words

Research Essay Introduction Pride refers to a deep and consistent feeling of satisfaction of one’s possession, class and achievements. Pride as a theme has been developed in the novel pride and prejudice by Jane Austen. Characters can claim better treatment and status in the society and also relationships based on their family possessions as well as exploits. Mr. Bennett daughters are also proud because they are beautiful which gives them the audacity to boast to men who want their hand in marriage (Gao, Haiyan, 2013 p. 384). Pride refers to Pride is the main theme that Jane Austen centers her novel â€Å"pride and prejudice â€Å"in which she centers on the family of Mr. and Mrs. Bennett. Pride is the defining factor in relationships and†¦show more content†¦Mr. Bennett daughters liked to visit army barracks with the aim of being associated with courageous men who are fighting for the country. Property is also another consideration and motivation for Jane Austen to write a book regarding pri de. The novel has been embedded on domestic concerns for the property. At different occasions, families have shown the desire to forge alliances through marriage to secure their property. Mr. Bennett who does not have a son is interested in marrying off her daughters to rich men with plenty of estates as he lives his land to Mr. Collins, a male family member to ensure the land remains in the family hands. Darcy and Mr. Bingley are depicted as affluent individuals in the community not because they are educated but because they own large estates. Finally, marriage is also a source of pride at the time when the novel was written. Families were using marriages as a source of pride, and only daughters who were married with a wedding without eloping with men gave pride to their families (Fullerton, Susannah, 2013). Analysis There are different instances, situations and purposes of pride in pride and prejudice by Jane Austen. Pride is used to determine relationships as well as associations between people in the novel. Pride is however intertwined with other major themes in the novel, and sometimes it is evident on its own. Pride is shaped in the novel by physical, social,Show MoreRelated Essay on Prejudice and Pride in Pride and Prejudice1535 Words   |  7 PagesPrejudice and Pride in Pride and Prejudice      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In any literary work the title and introduction make at least some allusion to the important events of the novel. With Pride and Prejudice, Austen takes this convention to the extreme, designing all of the first and some of the second half of the novel after the title and the first sentence. The concepts of pride, prejudice, and universally acknowledged truth (51), as well as the interpretation of those concepts, are the central focus ofRead More Pride and Prejudice Essay: The Faults of Pride and Prejudice1751 Words   |  8 PagesThe Faults of Pride and Prejudice      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If we investigate the themes, characters and setting of Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice in an effort to find faults of logic, we must first recognize that the entire work is a fault of logic because Austens world is a microcosm of one level of society, a level wherein everything and everyone turns out kindly, whether they be heroes or villains, rich or poor, or proud or prejudice.   This is because unlike conventional romantic novels, like WutheringRead More Pride and Prejudice Essay3860 Words   |  16 PagesPride and Prejudice The novel Pride and Prejudice written by Jane Austen was originally to be called First Impressions. Hence the ultimate aim of this essay is to identify how successful this novel is in giving ‘First Impressions’ of the characters. The focus of this essay is on the opening chapters of the novel as this is where we are first introduced to the characters. ‘It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wifeRead More Pride And Prejudice Essay1066 Words   |  5 Pages Pride and Prejudice: Marriage Essay written by Maria Engstrom Introduction For this essay, I chose to read the perhaps most famous book by the English author Jane Austen. During the reading I was thinking about which theme I should choose to write about and analyze, and eventually I felt that marriage was the central keyword in the book. I will concentrate on the situation of the daughters in the family, since these are the best described in the novel. My dealing with different ideals and problemsRead MorePride And Prejudice Essay1680 Words   |  7 PagesAusten’s bildungsroman novel Pride and Prejudice (1819), set in Regency England, and Fay Weldon’s epistolary novel Letters to Alice on First Reading Jane Austen (1984) placed in Postmodern England. Both texts emphasise the importance of compatibility in relationships and women’s identity in a patriarchal society. Weldon’s discussion of Austen’s context allows a deeper understanding of relationships and identity within different eras to emerge. This comparative essay will focus on the way each authorRead MorePride And Prejudice Essay1724 Words   |  7 Pages In Pride and prejudice I have came to the conclusion that there are many characters and all play a very good role. Here is a brief down low on what Ive collected. First starting with The Bennet’s consisting of Mr and Mrs Bennet and their five daughters Jane, Elizabeth, Mary, Kitty and Lydia. Mr. And Mrs. Bennett, This husband and wife duo are a humorous couple due to Mrs Bennet’s simplicity coupled by Mr Bennet’s dry humor and wit. Mrs Bennet is a simply easy woman who dedicates her attentionRead MorePride and Prejudice - Analytical Essay1023 Words   |  5 PagesAnalytical Essay: Pride Prejudice The progress between Elizabeth’s and Darcy’s relationship, in Jane Austen’s novel Pride and Prejudice (1813) illustrates and explores several the key themes in the novel. Their relationship highlights class expectations, pride and prejudice, and marriage, and how they play a major role in determining the course of their association. These are outlined through their first prejudiced dislike of each other when they first meet, the stronger feelings for ElizabethRead MoreEssay on Pride and Prejudice1080 Words   |  5 PagesRough Draft 4. Compare and Contrast Elizabeth, Jane, and Lydia. Which one do you think will have the happiest marriage? Why? The concept of love is developed and endured throughout an healthy relationship in Jane Austen’s novel, Pride and Prejudice. She successfully incorporates different examples of marriage in nineteenth century and distinguishes the perfect marriage from the hopeless marriage. The definition of authentic love is caring for someone unconditionally. It means putting someoneRead MorePride And Prejudice Essay1715 Words   |  7 Pagesnovel ‘Pride and Prejudice’ addresses many themes and motifs, but one of the more prevalent is pride itself, which Austen expertly weaved throughout, showing the effects it has on both the perpetrator’s lives and the lives of those around them. This theme of pride relates to the time period the novel was written in, which was the Regency era, where the class system was deemed of significant importance and particular traits of the gentry were considered necessary, including an extent of pride. AustenRead More Pride and Prejudice Essa y817 Words   |  4 Pagesopposed Lucy Steele and Edward Ferrars’ marriage because Edward came from a wealthy past, which Lucy was not familiar with. However Austen also illustrates that some marriages occur due to a deep love between two characters. Within Austen’s novel Pride and Prejudice there are marriages that occur because of strong passionate love. First the most obvious marriage for love was between Jane Bennett and Charles Bingley who instantly fell for one another. Although some opposed and actively tried to keep them

`` Beautiful Monsters `` By Eric Puncher Essay - 1690 Words

Does a perfect world exist? It is the idea that when creating this utopia everyone will be happy, equal, understanding of each other. Often in the attempt to make this dream like utopia often becomes a dystopia. This futuristic, imagined universe in which oppressive societies are controlled and make it seem like a perfect world, but what do these dystopian worlds show us? In his text â€Å"Beautiful Monsters† , Eric Puncher depicts of a world where adults are casted out of society . A world where Children live forever and control society. It’s the conflict of the Perennials and the senescent that shows Puncher s political argument. Pruncher’s argument is people often classify people and reject them from society through the false values that have been implemented in their society. While in Neil Gaiman s and Bryan Talbot’s comic strip, â€Å"From Homogenous to Honey†, they depict a world where a masked assailant completely erases the homosexual nar rative from history. By destroying these narratives, he is carrying out his agenda, and creating a dystopian society where everyone’s narrative is the same. Gaiman’s argument is that a dystopian society strips culture of its individuality, which leads to a lack of independent thinking, this in turn causes individuals to lose themselves. Therefore making everyone the same. This imperfect world clearly has a negative effect on the citizens. But through the authors dystopian worlds who was able to use it more successfully to create aShow MoreRelated`` Beautiful Monsters `` By Eric Puchner1788 Words   |  8 Pagesin which oppressive societies are controlled and make it seem like a perfect world, but what do these dystopian worlds show us? In his text â€Å"Beautiful Monsters,† Eric Puchner depicts a world where adults are cast out of society. A world where children live forever and control society. It’s the conflict of the Perennials and the Senescent that shows Puncher s political argument. Puchner’s argument is people often classify people and reject them from society through the false values that have been

The Baroque Period Free Essays

The Baroque Period The Baroque term comes from the Portuguese word barroom, which meaner misshapen pearl Jean-Jacques Rousseau defined baroque music as that in which the harmony is confused, charged with modulations and dissonances, the melody is harsh and little natural, the intonation difficult, and the movement constrained. The Baroque period was highly decorated and it reflects on the elaborate nature and complexity of the music compositions. Others have likened Baroque music to listening to multiple people having a conversation at the same time. We will write a custom essay sample on The Baroque Period or any similar topic only for you Order Now Baroque music as also applied to other forms of fine art, including architecture It was thought to have started in about 1570 as the music of the Renaissance changed to a more Baroque style There is more agreement that the Baroque period ended at the middle of the eighteenth century. The Baroque music era was a period that witnessed many advances in knowledge and changes in culture. Protestant Reformation had changed the landscape of religion and theology in Europe. Europe had turned toward rationalism and humanism to guide policies and philosophy. The Baroque period is he first to be among the musical pieces that people today are generally familiar with. Characteristics of Baroque Music Composers and musicians during this time thought of themselves more as craftsmen than artists. They often made their living through patrons or individuals who supported them in exchange for their music. Patrons included not only the wealthy in society, but also the nobility and the church. The music of this period was often composed for specific circumstances, whether it was a party or a religious event. Some composers also worked as music tutors, composing easier compositions for heir students. Because of the deliberate and specific reasons for compositions, individual pieces were not generally thought of as great compositions that would be played over and over and have a lasting impact. The pieces that were like the improvised music we find in society today that unique pieces of music to be played, but not generally remembered beyond today. Figured Bass The music during this time was actually quite diverse and varied. Scholars often separate and categorize Baroque music into early, middle, and late Baroque music or into Italian, German, French, and English music. In both music and art of the period, artists were concerned with describing emotions and feelings. Figured bass- A musical notation using numbers to indicate chords, intervals, and other aspects in relation to the bass note of the music. Basso continuo- a harmony of the music, an instrument that was capable of playing chords played the basso continuo, such as a harpsichord, organ, or harp. The musician playing the basso continuo structure would play the bass note indicated in the harmony and then add in other notes on the chord as needed. The figured bass then helped the musician playing the basso Antonio by giving numbers under the bass note to indicate which chords should be played in that spot. Ornamentation and Orchestras Ornamentation- the use of non-necessary musical flourishes, such as trills and grace notes, to the basic melody or harmony. Many composers used extensive ornamentation in their pieces. Grace notes are notes that are not counted in the total time value. Baroque music also tends to focus on one emotion in a single piece. The emotion that the piece is trying to capture or describe is the music’s effects. Orchestras- larger instrumental ensembles or groups that contain brass, string, recursion, and woodwind instruments. Forms of Baroque Music Baroque music featured a number of different forms or types of music. Music scholars call the plan that a composer has in mind when composing a piece of form a form. Form helps to give structure to a composition, and composers often combined one or more forms of music as they created new types of music. Opera Poppers can be defined as a dramatic work in which singers and musicians use both a musical score and a text or libretto. Composers combined a broad comedy with tragic elements. The comedic operas come to be known as opera buff Opera series- A very stylized and puts a greater emphasis on the experienced and masterful singer. Oratorios- Similar to operas. They are concert pieces rather than a form of musical theater. They tended to be more serious and dramatic. They were large-scale compositions, including soloists, choirs, and orchestras. The Instrumental Suite Instrumental suite- A series of dances Prelude: This is a shorter piece that comes before the other parts of the instrumental suite. Allemande: This piece is a moderate tempo dance which derived from German dances. Originally, this was the first piece of the instrumental suite, but over time, the ruled took the first spot. Often regarded as a serious dance, the allemande was characterized by couples forming two lines and parading back and forth in the room. Current: This piece is a triple meter, fast-paced dance. Literally, the word current meaner â€Å"running. † Serenade: This piece is usually a slow triple meter dance, slower and more grave than the original Spanish dance that it is based on. Segue: This piece is a fast dance in 6/8 time. Originating in the British Isles, it is somewhat reminiscent of the Irish Gig. Some compositions included additional pieces, such as some of the ones listed here: Hornpipe: This piece is a fast, lively dance. It is said to have been created aboard English sailing vessels and the movements are those that a sailor might do as part of his duties. Minuet or Minuet: This piece is one of the best known of the Baroque instrumental suites. The minuet is a social dance for a couple. Gavotte: This piece has a moderate to fast tempo. The dance is French in origin. Air or rare: This piece is simple and written for either instrument or voice. English lute Ares were popular in the court of Elizabeth I during the sixteenth century. Bourne: This piece is played at a moderate to lively tempo. Handel often used a fast tempo in the pieces that he composed. Of French origin, the Bourne is similar to the Gavotte. Paean: This piece is a slower processional dance. Baroque Composers Claudio Monteverdi- His work serves as the point where Renaissance music ends and Baroque music begins. He was a transitional figure between the two eras, using characteristics of both musical time periods in his work. He also wrote one of the earliest operas. He was born in northern Italy and his early learning in music came about through his participation in a cathedral choir. His earlier pieces includes sacred madrigals He composed and published a book of this musical form. The Taboo Libra, was his eighth madrigal publication, and it is regarded by some to be the perfect example of this form of music His music is divided into different parts covering the themes of love and war. For many years he served in the court of Mantra At first he served as a musician and singer, before becoming a court conductor Later in his life he became a priest and he continued to compose He died in 1643 Antonio Vivaldi- Is regarded by many to be one of the greatest composers during the Baroque period. His influences spread across Europe and he was well known for his instrumental concertos. One of the most famous violin concertos is The Four Seasons He was born in Italy in 1678 He was ill child but still managed to learn how to play the violin and began to study for the priesthood at 15 years of age. He became priest in 1703, when he was 25 years old. With the color of his hair he got the nickname â€Å"The Red Priest† Vivaldi At age 27, he published his first sonatas He was well known for working at an orphanage teaching the children there music ND composing works for them to play He created forms there and the forms included solo motets as well as large scale composition. In Venice he wrote several operas as well as â€Å"The Four Seasons† It features the sounds of birds, running creeks, ice skating, storms,and winter fires. At the end of life he experienced financial issues and moved to Vienna, and became a pauper. He died in 1741 at 64 years old He died of internal infection His music is characterized as innovation and creativity J. s. Bach He composed music in many different forms, including both sacred and secular works. His works are mastery of the compositional techniques of the time, and many feature expressive melodies. He grew up in Germany, he was born in 1685 He family was all composed of musicians. He was orphaned at the age of ten and moved back in with an older brother before he got a scholarship to a music school at 14 years old Johann Sebastian Bach Graduated in 1703 He became the court organist in Whimper and later the choirmaster for Duke Wilhelm When he took a position at SST. Thomas Church he composed mostly religious works, including a few masses, even though Bach himself was ;Lutheran By 1749, Bach Egan to experience failing eyesight After the surgery, it didn’t work so he ended up being blind after the surgery He died in 1750 at 65 years old from a stroke complicated by pneumonia Stages of his life Early work 1708-1717 Bach’s organ music Middle work 1718-1723 Bach’s instrumental works Late work 1724-1750 Sacred choral music His work was mathematically precise, his work had technical mastery that many other composers could only hope for. He tended to write down the basic notations on the melody, giving musicians and singer the ability to add embellishments of their own music. He tended to write out most of the notation in his scores. This gave him greater control over the complex textures and embellishments that he added to his music. He also tended to leave some of the instrumental notations more basic in his work, particularly some of the longer pieces. George Frederica Handel German born Known as best composer Born 1685 He began studying law, his father’s profession After his father died he gave up law and studied music 1704 He began working at Hamburg Opera house His first two operas were performed He was involved with the founding of the Royal Cad. Of Music in London In April 737, he experienced a stroke, but lost strength in his right arm but ended up recovering and performing again He died in 1759 and was buried at Westminster Abbey His accomplishments 42 Operas more than 120 cantatas, duets, and trios Conclusion In this module, we learned more about the music of the Baroque period. In doing so, we learned about some of the influences on Baroque music and the characteristics of Baroque music. We learned about several of the popular forms of Baroque music, including operas. Finally, we examined four composers who exemplify Baroque music and who helped to influence and direct the creativity of this time period. How to cite The Baroque Period, Papers The Baroque Period Free Essays Opera – â€Å"drama presented in music, with the characters singing instead of speaking† Joseph German, p. 87): One cannot speak of Baroque opera without mentioning the name of Claudio Monteverdi (1567-1643). Monteverdi has the distinction of being known as the first great composer in the genre of opera, as well as the last true madrigals of his time. We will write a custom essay sample on The Baroque Period or any similar topic only for you Order Now He began writing his madrigals at a very early age and composed operas well into his seventies. Although much of his music has not survived to this day, one very important assistance did; The Coronation of Poppa. This opera is done in recitative style as well as aria. Recitative is when the characters half sing, half recite the words presented in an opera while being very careful to follow accents and rhythms of true speech closely. Aria is part in an opera which is penned for soloist and orchestra. The recitative is used to demonstrate plot action, dialogue, and other dramatic situations within an opera. Arias are used in an opera when elaboration of a piece is needed. The soloist can be more melodic, more consistent with the rhythm, clearer and better understood by the audience, and is usually accompanied by all of the orchestra. It gives the soloist great use of word-painting. This is a very notable Italian opera by Monteverdi as it is relating the adulterous liaison of Poppa and Nero which triumphs, although history records that the victory was hollow. It is also very notable because of its exquisite use of recitative and arias to tell the story. This is a great piece of secular composition for the era. Concerto – One of the â€Å"most important orchestral genres of sacred music during the Baroque era† Joseph German, p. 120) (the other being concerto gross). Concerto is the contrasting of the orchestra and soloist. This contrast pits the power (along with the stability) of the orchestra against virtuosity and vocal styling of the soloist. Three ways in which composers used concerto in orchestras during the Baroque period was through the various movements which they created in their music, the reiteration form which typically started off the movement, and the Baroque variation form which shows the Baroque need for predictable and structured movements. Movements essentially are sections of music which are self-contained but, are part of a larger piece. In multi-movement works, movements â€Å"will always show variety in meter, tempo, key, mood, and musical form† Joseph German, p. 121). The reiteration form concentrates on the contrast between orchestra and soloist. While the solo piece is faster and brilliant, the reiteration orchestral piece is heavier and forceful. Lastly, the Baroque variation form is the continuous, nonstop repetition of a single clear and precise musical unit, with changes that keep the audience interested without losing focus of the original musical theme. It should be further noted that Baroque variations have patterns. They tend to be resent over repeating bass patterns. These repeating bass patterns are called basso station. Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741) was the best of the best in concerto. His Violin Concerto in G demonstrates this clearly and evidently in its first movement. It is a triple-meter movement done in reiteration. There is a contrasting solo violin, virtuoso solo violin, then it becomes more expressive, then even freer, very fast, then he pulls it back in line at the end. It is a great representation of orchestra using the reiteration form. Oratorio – â€Å"an opera on a religious subject, such as an Old Testament story or the life f a saint† Joseph German, p. 144). This genre of music was the most operatic of any other religious music during the Baroque period. This a sacred genre of music. Oratorio is comprised of chorus, orchestra, and the all important solo voices. Also, oratorios were usually done without the benefit of scenery, costumes, or even acting for that matter. They were never stage as operas were, but had plots which were narrative, several acts, real characters, and action which was implied. The text of an oratorio is based upon scripture and takes over the operatic features of recitatives ND arias. However, it also uses the chorus which played little role in the Italian operas of the era. Most religious genres of the time were written for church services but, the oratorio was more like a second musical religious service in that it was primarily used as a form of entertainment instead of opera for religious services such as Lent. Since it was not intended for liturgical uses, oratorios could be performed in churches as well as concert halls. George Frederic Handel (1685-1759) was the one who popularized oratorios after Italian opera began to meet its demise. He was the composer of the Messiah which is still performed today and, can be noted that it is the only composition of that era that has continually been performed since its original appearance. The Messiah is a wonderful piece of oratorio, full of enjoyable nuances in the orchestral as well as the choral parts. It is those nuances which bring emotion to the theme redemption as well as the theme of salvation. It contains melodies of interspersed choral with soaring soprano solos mixed with, alto, tenor and bass. When you listen you will note that there are clear-cut melodies throughout, which alternate between the previously mentioned soaring notes and pomp and circumstances of nobility. It can be heard that brass plays a very great role in the orchestra. It is still one of the most famous classical pieces that exists. I believe this might be due to Handel’s almost flawless use of oratorio form. Not typical of other oratorios, Messiah does not rely on characters to depict the story in recitative and arias, but the text is Biblical. This makes it a piece from the sacred genre but, a piece that has endured the ages and still delights the multitudes. How to cite The Baroque Period, Papers The Baroque Period Free Essays The Baroque period happened between 1600-1750. The word â€Å"baroque† comes from the Portuguese word barroom which meaner â€Å"misshapen pearl†; it is a negative description of the elaborate and heavily ornamented music of this period. Baroque music forms a major portion of the classical music canon, being widely studied, performed, and listened to. We will write a custom essay sample on The Baroque Period or any similar topic only for you Order Now Composers of the baroque era include Johann Sebastian Bach, George Frederic Handel, Antonio Vivaldi and George Philipp Telltale. The development of functional tonality happened during the baroque period. Functional analogy is the relationship between chords (cadences – perfect, imperfect, interrupted). This also led to elaborate ornamentations in music (e. G. Trills, structural, glissando). It changed the way we wrote music and new styles of techniques were invented. Baroque music expanded the size, range, and complexity of instrumental performance, and also established opera as a musical genre. An important technique used in baroque music was the use of ground bass, a repeated bass line. Modes (Modes – Any of the eight scales of the medieval music, each extinguished by its ending note, its arrangement of pitches in intervals, and its range. ) were replaced by the major and minor key system (Diatonic scales). The popularity and success of the Baroque style was encouraged by the Roman Catholic Church. Opera’s were fist composed in the Baroque period. The first opera was written in 1597, called ‘Deafen’, and was composed by Perl. The first truly great opera was composed by Monteverdi in 1607, and was called ‘Refer’. The music heightens the dramatic impact. There was a lot of instrumental routinely (Italian for return, and meaner when a section returns). Before each verse of the aria (song), we hear an instrumental routinely. Here are some examples of operas overture’s from different countries. Italy – Scarlatti operas often began with an overture in three sections: quick, slow, quick. This was the Italian Overture (an overture is an instrumental introduction to an opera). Scarlatti designed the arias in his operas in dad capo form, I. E. ABA. Another name for this is ternary form. France – Lully’s operas began with a French Overture. Slow, quick, slow. This is the other way round to an Italian Overture Oratorios were also first formed in the baroque period. This is vocal music which at first was very similar to operas. (They had arias, choruses and recitatives) The main difference was that an Oratorio was based on a sacred story. Eventually oratorios ceased to act out, and were given musical presentation only. Handel’s Messiah, Samson, Israel and Egypt are all Oratorios. Also in oratorios there was a passion. A assign is a special oratorio telling the story of Chrism’s crucifixion. Besides recitatives, arias and choruses, Bach also included settings of chorales (German hymn tunes). During the Baroque period, the orchestra started to take shape. The string section became a self-contained unit. To this composers would add other instruments in ones and twos: Flutes, Recorders, Oboes, Bassoons, Horns, and occasionally trumpets and kettle drums. Monarchs/nobles employed composers because they wanted to show that they are richer than the others. How to cite The Baroque Period, Papers The Baroque Period Free Essays The Baroque period originated in 1600 and ended in 1750 2. The Peterson is the estate of Peter the Great, in SST. Petersburg Russia. We will write a custom essay sample on The Baroque Period or any similar topic only for you Order Now Bartholomew Reasserts models it. This building was key symbol of the era. 3. Baroque painters used various colors and deep shadows to create a rich texture this can be seen in the piece Rembrandt painted The Storm on the Sea of Galilee. 4. In the baroque period there was a intense dispute over religion. John Bunyan (1628-1688) was an English Protestant writer and a Astor. He is most famous for composing The Pilgrim’s Progress. Another important Protestant writer of the time is John Gill. He was an English theologian who wrote A Body of Doctrinal Divinity in 1767. 5. Three famous baroque scientists were Isaac Newton, Galileo Galilee and Francis Bacon. Galileo Galilee was an astronomer and invented the telescope, Isaac Newton created the laws of motion and Francis Bacon invented the bacon method 6. An opera is a play where everything is vocally reduced along with orchestral accompaniment and incorporates many aspects of spoken theatre such as acting. An example is Jus Boggling and Robert Merrill, the pearl fisher’s duet. 7. Music was used as entertainment at the courts of the nobility. Music was very scarce and was treated very valuably as there was no way of listening other than live music. 8. Baroque music in churches was sung by choirs, often with organs, wind string and percussion instruments complementing them. Most people were taught in orphanages to study and play music, although musical instruments were only for the rich and privileged How to cite The Baroque Period, Papers

Illiterate in some terms. Essay Example For Students

Illiterate in some terms. Essay This part of the scene, in particular, the quote will be acted out in a way that the audience can interpret from the brothers that the two are completely clueless on the type of plate. This could be done with the use of facial expressions, which will give an indication to the audience about the confusion the two are experiencing. By doing this, a sense of friendship forms between the two as they are sharing a joke amongst themselves. To the audience this will be a slight relief as the twins are getting along well, and releases some of the tension created earlier during the play. If I was directing the play, I would stage this part of the scene outside the house that Sammy fell from, as the two, Mickey and Edward could be looking over the roof from where Sammy fell from. Edward may look reluctant due to the fact that, because of the social differences, no child would dare climb the roof of a house from where Edward is from, however again, the contrast proves how the two brothers who come from two completely different backgrounds are dissimilar. This scene would be performed with the blazing hot sun overlooking the two boys who are on the roof, with Edward wearing sun lotion and a cap with a t-shirt and shorts and sandals. Whilst on the other hand, Mickey would be bright red from the scorching heat and he would be wearing shoes that soles have been partially ripped, alongside a pair of ripped baggy jeans and topless. This immediately would strike the audience with the major social differences between the two. Also as the boys are sitting on the roof of the house, there are terraced houses crammed together surrounding them in all directions. This gives an indication to the audience of the social class of the area. Another part I have a high regard for is the section where Edward humiliates Mickey through the joke about the F word. Due to the upbringing of Mickey this type of language and the knowledge of informal language and swears are expectable, and this is in complete contrast to Edwards nurture. The impact amongst the audience would be that, Mickey seems like a common child from Liverpool, where a low means of education is possessed by the majority. The audience will also react to the way that Mickey pretends to know what a dictionary is just to show himself up in front of Edward, however he achieves the complete opposite in humiliating himself. This shows Mickeys personality as he wants to be known as someone who is intelligent; however he is illiterate in some terms. This scene would clearly indicate to the audience of the vast difference between the two in terms of class. If I was directing this scene I would have the two standing opposite each other on a pavement in one of the estates, where Edward would be nibbling onto some sweets whilst Mickey staring and craving some. The weather would be mild with the time being around midday; therefore the sun is at its highest point in the sky and will be beaming upon the two. This can be shown with a bright yellow spotlight shining down on the two siblings. By Russell conveying the ideas of class differences it makes this play extremely effective towards the audience. My perception of the audiences reaction towards my chosen scene (Scene 1) is positive and can enlighten those who are unaware of the facts of how the social class is possible of even dividing brothers, and I think that this difference has been emphasised in my chosen scene. This draws the attention of the audience as it is an effective piece, but also it is the opening scene, therefore it gets a positive response from the audience.  Another way, in which the audience would find this particular extract of interest due to the character of Mickey, as he is quite funny and stupid, hence is a crowd favourite. With his constant informal language and swears it shows to the audience Mickeys personality of how he does not burden on what others think of him. .u8dd4b6c45c6a840d7636b0e3948ee757 , .u8dd4b6c45c6a840d7636b0e3948ee757 .postImageUrl , .u8dd4b6c45c6a840d7636b0e3948ee757 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8dd4b6c45c6a840d7636b0e3948ee757 , .u8dd4b6c45c6a840d7636b0e3948ee757:hover , .u8dd4b6c45c6a840d7636b0e3948ee757:visited , .u8dd4b6c45c6a840d7636b0e3948ee757:active { border:0!important; } .u8dd4b6c45c6a840d7636b0e3948ee757 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8dd4b6c45c6a840d7636b0e3948ee757 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8dd4b6c45c6a840d7636b0e3948ee757:active , .u8dd4b6c45c6a840d7636b0e3948ee757:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8dd4b6c45c6a840d7636b0e3948ee757 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8dd4b6c45c6a840d7636b0e3948ee757 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8dd4b6c45c6a840d7636b0e3948ee757 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8dd4b6c45c6a840d7636b0e3948ee757 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8dd4b6c45c6a840d7636b0e3948ee757:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8dd4b6c45c6a840d7636b0e3948ee757 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8dd4b6c45c6a840d7636b0e3948ee757 .u8dd4b6c45c6a840d7636b0e3948ee757-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8dd4b6c45c6a840d7636b0e3948ee757:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: In The Shooting An Elephant, George Orwell Describes An Internal EssayRussell presents the ideas of social class differences through numerous quotations in my chosen extract. The main social class differences are expressed through Edward and Mickey by means of comparison of the two. One way in which the social disparities are revealed through speech, as Edward is well spoken and formal, in contrast to Mickey who is informally spoken and uses abbreviated words vastly throughout his context. Another way that the differences are presented are through the behaviour and the way the two characters conduct themselves. Edward is straight forward in terms of personality, whilst Mic key is sly in the way he conducts his actions and his personality is quite difficult to understand. In my opinion Russell demonstrates the idea of human nature and society differences throughout the book effectively. My perception on Russells main intention is that he is trying to illustrate the idea that, human nature does not affect the individuals actions, however society moulds the persons personality, due to the culture that the person is grown to be used to can change ones personality.

Safety Perceptions Essay Example Essay Example

Safety Perceptions Essay Example Paper Safety Perceptions Essay Introduction This question explores a deeply opinionated aspect of our modern society. Most research on the questions about gun control has produced statistical results that predominately provide us with either a positive or negative outlook. What this study is intending to do is to look into the subject matter with a qualitative aspect to see what society perceives about gun control laws. The study is to find out how gun control laws impact perception of safety upon society. The results from this study will add to the existing wealth of employed statistical studies. Additional research will need to be conducted to discover how this study will add to the qualitative reports on the subject matter. As of right now we are unaware of any qualitative reports that study how gun control laws impact perception of safety upon society. This study will shed light on the topics of gun controls laws, and possibly discover new aspects on the impact of such laws. Literature Review In recent stories from the new s, we have heard of everything from home invasions to challenges to our 2nd Amendment right to bear arms. Recently in Oklahoma a young other shot and killed an intruder to protect her 3-month-old baby on New Year’s Eve, less than a week after the baby’s father died of cancer (Dolan, 2012). How does this woman feel now that she encountered a situation where her and her child’s life was at risk? How did she feel before the encounter? So many factors play into what society perception of safety Is when it comes to the topic of gun control laws. There have been over 260 cases that have challenged gun control laws (Peers, 2010). With so many incidents and actions taken, we cannot help but question what society feels about gun control laws. Safety Perceptions Essay Body Paragraphs In the study â€Å"Exploring the Relationship Between Support for Gun Control Measures and Understanding of Gun Control Issues†(1998) the authors L. J. Mortality and I. E. Hearse made an attempt to determine how knowledge of gun control Issues affects support for gun control. A quantitative study was completed by performing telephone surveys In a selected area In the state of Valhalla. A sample size of 350 responses was acquired over a one week period from the city of Richmond. The sample was predominantly women and white. This doesn’t provide a true sample of the population as a whole but does give some insight in to the sample elected. The results from this study were incomplete. The research did not determine In which order understanding of gun control issues and support for gun control are acquired (Morality, Hearse, 1998). The study looked at a correlation between two pieces of knowledge, the knowledge of gun control laws and issues. Both of which have relevance to the perception of safety with guns and gun control laws by exploring what level of understanding society has when it comes to gun control. Certainly knowledge impacts the perception of one’s views when it comes to the subject of safety. Beyond knowledge, we have to wonder If cultural aspects play a part In society perception of safety. Perceptions† the researchers D. M. Kahn and D. Barman proposed that cultural theory plays a large part in the perception of risk in the topic of gun control. They conducted a quantitative study of cultural theory of risk, applied that to gun control, and then they present the results from an original empirical study that demonstrates that attitudes toward gun control do in fact bear the relationship to cultural orientations posited by cultural theory (Kahn, Barman, 2003). The data source was the 1998-2000 General Social survey. The study tells us that there are many influences to society’s perception, especially when it comes to t he topic of guns and gun control. The study has found a link between cultural orientations on the subject of gun-risk perception (Kahn, Barman, 2003). This provides additional information to the understanding of how society’s perception of safety is impacted by gun control. There are additional factors that contribute to this perception. Mass media has played a major role in the perception of safety. Kenneth Doodler conducted a study titled â€Å"Media Influence on Attitudes Towards Guns and Gun Control†. Doodler set out to examine whether media consumption affects attitude toward gun control. His study used pre existing data from a National Opinion Survey on Crime and Justice (NOSES) which was a quantitative study conducted through the use of surveys. Doodler’s results tell us that consistent with cultivation theory, crime show viewing influences attitudes towards guns and gun control. Viewers are more likely to disagree with gun control and agree that being ar med is the best defense against criminals (Doodler, 2002). Doodler’s study focuses on one of the questions asked in this study. His study helps o support how the media influences society’s perception on guns and gun control laws. Another aspect to understanding society’s perception is how people can define themselves by association to an organization. A study, â€Å"Defining Who You Are By What You’re Not: Organizational Desertification and The National Rifle Association† by Kimberly D. Eyelash and C. B. Patriarchy explores the concept of organizational desertification through a qualitative investigation of cognitive relationships with the National Rifle Association. Their findings suggest that organizational desertification s a self-perception based upon a cognitive separation between ones identity and the organizations identity (Eyelash, Patriarchy, 2001). The researchers chose the NORA because of its notoriety in the media and the sample of part icipants would have familiarity with the NORA. This study provides insight into the understanding of how people define who they are by what you are not (Eyelash, K. D. ). One portion of their study was a large scale survey of public attitudes about the NORA. In their findings † desertification is also partially explained by the degree to which respondents agreed that personal experiences had affected their perceptions of the NORA. † (Eyelash, K. D. ). A portion of the findings have told us that personal experiences from the respondents have influenced their perception. We also found that society’s perception also plays a role on our children’s lives and is effected by their education and parental influence. Patricia Howard completed a qualitative study to determine what parents’ beliefs about children and gun safety. Howard accomplished the study by sending out surveys to 230 parents of children in elementary school. They received 82 returned surveys . This was a low percentage of about firearm storage in the home; (2) Examine parents’ primary belief about firearm safety programs for children: and (3) explore the parents’ perception about their child’s behavior around guns (Howard, 2005). What is of most interest for this study is the third part of the study? Howard finding say that parental perception about their child’s behavior around guns support the fact that their child would not touch a gun unless an adult was present (Howard, 2005). All of these studies have looked into the perception of guns and gun control. They have all provided valuable information. They all come to a conclusion that there are many aspects that impact society’s perception of safety in regards to gun control laws. But what is missing is the understanding of why and how gun control laws impact the perception of safety in society. Approach This research is a phenomenology study on how gun control laws impact the percep tion of safety upon society. A phenomenology study is described as basic lived experience. A strength derived from this approach is you are able to gain insight by learning of the participants experience related to the proposed research question. A nakedness is that the research conducted is based on the opinions of the participants. Although this may seem irrelevant but in fact it makes it difficult to analyze the data. For this study, this approach fits as it goes into a subject matter that is based in life experience. The question naturally lends itself to a phenomenological study. It asks for the perception of safety, which in turn is part of our life experience. Methodology The study will consist of interviews with approximately 1 5 participants. The participants would be adults between the ages of 21 to 70. The participants could include prior and active military service, law enforcement, and the civilian population. All of the participants will be asked to sign an informed co nsent agreement and will be provided a disclosure form with all of the details for this study. A participant can, at any time removed themselves from the study. The interviews require only subjective opinions and answers from the sample of participants. The interviews would be recorded both visually and audibly. In addition the interviewer should keep notes as the interview progresses. The notes from the interviewer needs to be bracketed and will be treated as such. The audio video tapes will be collected and transcribed. These recording will be kept in a locked cabinet and all data on computers will be encrypted . The following is a list of questions that will be asked of the participants during their interviews. 1 . Could you explain what safety is when it comes to gun control? 2. How do gun control laws impact your perception of safety? 3. How have gun control laws had an impact on your life? If so explain. 4. What has the media done to influence you and societies perception of s afety around the subject of gun control laws? 5. How do you feel about gun control laws? Room the interviews. The data will be broken down into categories, and common keywords can be found. With the data collected one can summarize the finding to produce a report that outlines the common understanding of the perception of safety about gun control in today’s society. Results and Conclusion After conducting multiple interviews the findings from my research do in fact say that gun controls laws have an impact on the perception of safety in society. When analyzing the data collected, it was found that those interviewed felt that gun control laws had a negative effect upon their perception of safety. A common statement was that the laws help to discourage responsible, law abiding citizens from owning firearms, thus meaning that criminals are more likely to feel secure in the knowledge that their victims are unarmed. In addition the government’s ever growing control over the ability of citizens to own firearms weakens the rest of our freedoms. The findings tell us that society doesn’t perceive they are safer as a result of gun control laws. Further research would be needed to determine how safety is defined in the eyes of society. Also one would need to further explore what factors are influencing society perception. The study has provided additional insight in to the perception of safety, and provides addition directions for further research. We will write a custom essay sample on Safety Perceptions Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Safety Perceptions Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Safety Perceptions Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Learning Chapters on Project Procurement Management Essays

Learning Chapters on Project Procurement Management Essays Learning Chapters on Project Procurement Management Paper Learning Chapters on Project Procurement Management Paper After reading this chapter, you will b understand the Importance of prop Increasing use of outsourcing for info Describe the work involved in planning determining the proper type of contract t management plan, statement of work, so buy analysis Discuss what is involved in conducting obtaining seller responses, selects Understand the process of admit meet relationships and monitor Describe the process of closing Discuss types of software avail management Marie McBride could not believe how much money her company was paying for outside consultants to help the company finish an important operating system conversion project. The consulting companys proposal said it would provide experienced professionals who had completed similar conversions, and that the Job would be finished in six months or less with four consultants working full time. Nine months later her company was still paying high consulting fees, and half of the original consultants on the project had been replaced with new people. One new consultant had graduated from college only two months before and had extremely poor communications skills. Marries internal staff complained that they were wasting time training some of these experienced professionals. Marie talked to her companys purchasing manager about the contract, fees, and special clauses that might be relevant to the problems they were experiencing. Marie was dismayed at how difficult it was to interpret the contract. It was very long and obviously written by someone with a legal background. When she asked what her company could do since the consulting firm was not following Its proposal, the purchasing manager stated that the proposal was not part of the official contract. Marries company was paying for time and materials, not specific deliverables. There was no clause stating the minimum experience level required for the consultants, nor were there penalty clauses for not completing the work on time. There was a termination clause, however, meaning the company could terminate the contract. Marble wondered why her company had signed such a poor contract. Was there a better way to deal with procuring services from outside the company? Although global outsourcing displaces some IT workers, total employment In the united States increases, according to IOTA, as the benefits ripple through the economy. I en Incremental economic actual TTY Tanat Tools outscore II outsourcing creates over 257,000 net new Jobs in 2005 and is expected to create over 337,000 net new Jobs by 462 P oliticians debate on whether offshore outsourcing helps their own country or not. Andy Boor, chief operating officer of a computer network support service provider, describes outsourcing as an essential part of a healthy business diet. He describes good vs.. Bad outsourcing as something like good vs.. Bad cholesterol. He says that most people view offshore outsourcing as being bad because it takes Jobs away from domestic workers. However, many companies are realizing that they can use offshore outsourcing and create more Jobs at home. For example, Atlanta-based Delta Air Lines created 1,000 call-center Jobs in India in 2003, saving $25 million, which enabled it to add 1,200 Job positions for reservations and sales agents in the United States. 2 Other companies, like Wall-Mart, successfully manage the majority of their information technology projects in-house with very little commercial software and no outsourcing at all. (See the Suggested Reading on the companion Web site on Wall- Marts Way. ) Deciding whether to outsource, what to outsource, and how to outsource are important topics for many organizations throughout the world. In a 2008 survey, 74 percent of 600 global procurement executives believed that procurement issues are a high priority for their companies. About half of respondents also said that their companies focus too much on cost reduction instead of value creation. They also believe they are missing opportunities by not focusing on using technology to improve procurement processes. For example, 72 percent of respondents have less than 10 percent of their spend channeled through procurement and sourcing applications. 3 Most organizations use some form of outsourcing to meet their information technology needs, spending most money within their own country. A 2008 report on IT outsourcing trends in the U. S. And Canada revealed the following: Application development is the most popular form of IT outsourcing and was used by 53 percent of organizations surveyed. Of the surveyed organizations, 44 percent outsourced application maintenance, 40 percent outsourced Web site or e-commerce systems, and 37 percent outsourced disaster recovery services. The IT function with the largest percentage of work outsourced is assister recovery services, accounting for 50 percent of total IT outsourcing. Mortifications see the benefit in having an outside party perform offset storage or maintenance of a recovery facility. Desktop support is the second most outsourced IT function (48 percent), followed closely by data center operations and help desk (47 percent each) and Web site or e-commerce systems (46 percent). IT security is at the bottom of the list, with only 29 percent of the work being outsourced. Even though application development and maintenance are frequently outsourced, they are a low percentage of the amount of total IT work outsourced. Application development and maintenance are often outsourced selectively since most organizations choose to do many projects in-house. 4 Procurement means acquiring goods and/or services from an outside source. The term procurement is Widely used in government; many private companies use the terms purchasing and outsourcing. Organizations or individuals who provide procurement services are referred to as suppliers, vendors, contractors, subcontractors, or sellers, with suppliers being the most widely used term. Many information technology projects involve the use of goods and services from outside he organization. As described in Chapter 2, outsourcing has become a hot topic for research and debate, especially the implication of outsourcing to other countries, referred to as offspring. The outsourcing statistics below are from an Information Technology Association of America (IOTA)-sponsored report: Spending for global sources of computer software and services is expected to grow at a compound annual rate of about 20 percent, increasing from about $1 5 billion in 2005 to $38 billion in 2010. Total savings from offshore resources diddling the same time period are estimated to grow from $8. Billion to $20. 4 billion. The cost savings and use of offshore resources lower inflation, increase productivity, and lower interest rates, which boosts business and consumer spending and increases economic activity. Chapter 12 Project Procurement Management Because outsourcing is a growing area, it is important for project managers to understand project procurement management. Many organizations are turning to outsourcing to: Reduce betrothed and recurrent costs. Outsourcing suppliers are often able to use economies of scale that may not be available to the client alone, especially for hardware and software. It can also be less expensive to outsource some labor costs to other organizations in the same country or offshore. Companies can also use outsourcing to reduce labor costs on projects by avoiding the costs of hiring, firing, and reassigning people to projects or paying their salaries when they are between projects. Allow the client organization to focus on its core business. Most organizations are not in business to provide information technology services, yet many have spent valuable time and resources on information technology functions when they should have focused on core competencies such as marketing, customer arrive, and new product design. By outsourcing many information technology functions, employees can focus on Jobs that are critical to the success of the organization. Access skills and technologies. Organizations can gain access to specific skills and technologies when they are required by using outside resources. For example, a project may require an expert in a particular field or require the use of expensive hardware or software for one particular month on a project. Planning for this procurement ensure that the needed skills or technology will be available for the project. Provide flexibility. Outsourcing to provide extra staff during periods of peak workloads can be much more economical than trying to staff entire projects with internal resources. Many companies cite quicker flexibility in staffing as a key reason for outsourcing. Increase accountability. A well-written contract-a mutually binding agreement that obligates the seller to provide the specified products or services and obligates the buyer to pay for them-can clarify responsibilities and sharpen focus on key deliverables of a project. Because contracts are legally binding, there is more accountability for delivering the work as stated in the contract. In December 2002, who organ Chase announced a sieving to MOM, both companies en- year, $5 billion deal too bragged that the contract w TTS med like a win-win situational would make money an gang Chase could push for innovation. The contract less than two years However, in September 200 egger fit with Comparing Chaises busting its existence because the pro news strategy. According to Austin rumination officer at Comparing Chi couture is best for the long-term gar We believe managing our own techno and success of our company as well a railroaders. However, IBM said he can contract was simply a result of Comparing Chaises merger earlier that year with Bank It tried to shrug off the loss of a large business deal. The combined firm found its an abundance of IT assets, IBM spokesperson James Icicles said. This decision w other business decisions related to the merger. 6 Outsourcing can also cause problems in other areas for companies and nations as a whole. For example, many people in Aus tralia are concerned about outsourcing software development. The Australian Computer Society says sending work offshore may lower ten under AT students entering II courses, deplete ten mummer AT Skilled IT professionals, and diminish the nations strategic technology capability. Another issue is security, which encompasses the protection of intellectual property, integrity of data, and the reliability of infrastructure in offshore locations. 7 The success of many information technology projects that use outside resources is often due to good project procurement management. Project procurement management includes the processes required to acquire goods and services for a project from outside the performing organization. Organizations can be either the buyer or the seller of products or services under a contract. There are four main processes in project procurement management: Organizations must also consider reasons they might not want to outsource. When an organization outsource work, it often does not have as much monitor over those aspects of projects that suppliers carry out. In addition, an organization could become too dependent on particular suppliers. If those suppliers went out of business or lost key personnel, it could cause great damage to a project. Organizations must also be careful to protect strategic information that could become vulnerable in the hands of suppliers. According to Scott McNealy, CEO of Sun Microsystems, Inc. , What you want to handle in-house is the stuff that gives you an edge over your competition-your core competencies. I call it your secret sauce. If youre on Wall Street and you have your own program for tracking and analyzing the market, youll hang onto that. At Sun, we have a complex program for testing microprocessor designs, and well keep it. 5 Project teams must think carefully about procurement issues and make wise decisions based on the unique needs of their projects and organizations. They can also change their minds on outsourcing as business conditions change. . 3. Planning procurements involves determining what to procure, when, and how. In procurement planning, one must decide what to outsource, determine the type of contract, and describe the work for potential sellers. Sellers are contractors, suppliers, or providers who provide goods and services to other organizations. Outputs of this process include a procurement management plan, statements of work, make-or-buy decisions, procurement documents, source selection criteria, and change requests. Conducting procurements involves obtaining seller responses, selecting sellers, and awarding contracts. Outputs include selected sellers, procurement contract awards, resource calendars, change requests, and updates to the project management plan and other project documents. Administering procurements involves managing relationships with sellers, monitoring contract performance, and malting changes as needed. The main outputs of this process Include procurement documents talon, organizational 4. Process asset updates, change requests, and project management plan updates. Closing procurements involves completion and settlement of each contract, including resolution of any open items. Outputs include closed procurements and organizational process asset updates. Figure 12-1 summarizes these processes and outputs, showing when they occur in a typical project. Planning Process: Plan procurements Outputs: Procurement management plan, procurement statements of work, make-or-buy decisions, procurement documents, source selection criteria, and change requests 466 Executing Process: Conduct procurements Outputs: Selected sellers, procurement contract award, resource calendars, change requests, project management plan updates, project document updates Monitoring and Controlling Process: Administer procurements Outputs: Procurement communication, organizational process asset updates, change requests, project management plan updates Closing Process: Close procurements Outputs: Closed procurements, organizational process asset updates Project Start Project Finish FIGURE 121 Project procurement management summary The Boots Company PLY, a Nottingham, England, outsourced its information t Tiber 2002. The Boots Company signed a ten-year d expected to save $203. 9 million over that period com systems itself. IBM managed and developed The Boots Comma cou ture from the mainframes to the tills in our 1,400 stores, to the co , said spokesperson Francis Thomas. More than 400 Boots employees we Vims payroll but continued to work at Boots head office, with extra IBM s n as needed. Thomas added, The great thing about this is that if IBM has an expert in Singapore and [if} we need that expertise, we can tap Into It Tort tender months. It Keeps our costs on an even Keel. 8 is not uncommon moon for long contracts to be renegotiated, becoming either shorter or longer in length. May 2006, Boots and IBM began discussing amendments to their contract because m of Boots IT infrastructure renewal program (including a new pharmacy system and roll) was complete. A Boots spokesman said that the many achieved its goal much quicker than planned. In contrast, in 2005 Boots renegotiated its EYE million, seven-yea IT contract it initially signed in 2002 with Sans, extending it for another two years to 2011 in a EYE million deal. 9 It is also not uncommon to take advantage of competition the changing marketplace for major procurements. In 2008, Boots announced that I have up to six different suppliers competing to supply its IT products and services ova next year. The company is keeping its business system management team and service management in-house? including helpless and project management. 10 Properly planning purchases and acquisitions and writing good contracts can also save organizations millions of dollars. Many companies centralize purchasing for products, such as personal computers, software, and printers, to earn special pricing discounts. For example, in the mid-asses the U. S. Air Force awarded a five-year, multimillion-dollar contract to automate 15 Air Force Systems Command bases. The project manager and contracting officer decided to allow for a unit pricing strategy for some items required in the contract, such as the workstations and printers. By not requiring everything to be negotiated at a fixed cost, the winning supplier lowered its final bid y more than $40 million. II Planning procurements involves identifying which project needs can best be met by using products or services outside the organization. It involves deciding whether to procure, how to procure, what to procure, how much to procure, and when to procure. An important output of this process is the make-or-buy decision. A make-or- buy decision is one in which an organization decides if it is in its best interests to make certain products or perform certain services inside the organization, or if it is better to buy them from an outside organization. If there is no need to buy any reduces or services from outside the organization, then there is no need to perform any of the other procurement management processes. For many projects, properly outsourcing some information technology functions can be a great investment, as shown in the following examples of What Went Right. Inputs needed for planning procurements include the scope baseline, requirements documentation, teaming agreements, the risk register, risk-related contract decisions, activity resource requirements, the project schedule, activity cost estimates, the cost performance baseline, enterprise environmental factors, and organizational process assets. For example, a large clothing company might consider outsourcing the delivery of, maintenance of, and basic user training and support for laptops supplied to its international sales and marketing force. If there were suppliers who could provide this service well at a reasonable price, it would make sense to outsource, because this could reduce fixed and recurring costs for the clothing company and let them focus on their core business of selling clothes. It is important to understand why a company would want to procure goods or services Ana want Inputs are anemia to plan purchases and acquisitions. In the opening case, Marries company hired outside consultants to help complete an operating system conversion project because it needed people with specialized skills for a short period of time. This is a common occurrence in many information technology projects. It can be more effective to hire skilled consultants to perform specific tasks for a short period of time than to hire or keep employees on staff full time. However, it is also important to define clearly the scope of the project, the products, services, or results required, market conditions, and constraints and assumptions. In Marries case, the scope of the reject and services required were relatively clear, but her company may not have adequately discussed or documented the market conditions or constraints and assumptions involved in using the outside consultants. Were there many companies that provided consultants to do operating conversion projects similar to theirs? Did the project team investigate the background of the company that provided the consultants? Did they list important constraints and assumptions for using the consultants, such as limiting the time that the consultants had to complete the conversion project or the minimum years of experience for any consultant assigned o the project? It is very important to answer these types of questions before going into an outsourcing agreement. Dividing both sides by $400, you get: which means that the purchase cost equals the lease cost in 30 days. So, if you need the equipment for less than 30 days, it would be more economical to lease it. If you need the equipment for more than 30 days, you should purchase it. In general, leasing is often cheaper for meeting short-term needs, but more expensive for long- term needs. Expert Judgment Tools and Techniques for Planning Procurements There are several tools and techniques to help project managers and their teams in landing procurements, including make-or-buy analysis, expert Judgment, and contract types. Make-or-Buy Analysis Make-or-buy analysis is a general management technique used to determine whether an organization should make or perform a particular product or service inside the organization or buy from someone else. This form of analysis involves estimating the internal costs of providing a product or service and comparing that estimate to the cost of outsourcing. Consider a company that has 1,000 international salespeople with laptops. Using make-or-buy analysis, the company would compare en cost AT provoking tense services using Internal resources to ten cost AT Dulling those services from an outside source. If supplier quotes were less than its internal estimates, the company should definitely consider outsourcing the training and user support services. Another common make-or-buy decision, though more complex, is whether a company should develop an application itself or purchase software from an outside source and customize it to the companys needs. Many organizations also use make-or-buy analysis to decide if they should either purchase or lease items for a particular project. For example, suppose you need a piece of equipment for a project that has a purchase price of $12,000. Assume it also had a daily operational cost of $400. Suppose you could lease the same piece of equipment for $800 per day, including the operational costs. You can set up an equation in which the purchase cost equals the lease cost to determine when it makes sense financially to lease or buy the equipment. In this example, d = the number of days you need the piece of equipment. The equation would then be: Experts inside an organization and outside an organization could provide excellent advice in planning purchases and acquisitions. Project teams often need to consult experts within their organization as part of good business practice. Internal experts might suggest that the company in the above example could not provide quality training and user support for the 1,000 laptop users since the service involves so many people with different skill levels in so many different locations. Experts in the company might also know that most of their competitors outsource this type of work and know who the qualified outside suppliers are. It is also important to consult legal experts since contracts for outsourced work are legal agreements. Experts outside the company, including potential suppliers themselves, can also provide expert judgment. For example, suppliers might suggest an option for salespeople to purchase the laptops themselves at a reduced cost. This option would solve problems during employee turnover-exiting employees would own their laptops and new employees would purchase a laptop through the program. An internal expert might then suggest that employees receive a technology bonus to help offset what they might view as an added expense. Expert Judgment, both internal and external, is an asset in making many procurement decisions. Types of Contracts $80th = $12,000 + $40th Subtracting $40th from both sides, you get: $40th = $12,000 Contract type is an important consideration. Different types of contracts can be used in different situations. Three broad categories of contracts are fixed price or lump sum, cost reimbursable, and time and material. A single contract can actually include all three of these categories, if it makes sense for that particular procurement. For example, you could have a contract with a seller that includes purchasing specific hardware for a fixed price or lump sum, some services that are provided on a cost lampshades Dados, Ana-eaten services Tanat are approver on a tale Ana material basis. Project managers and their teams must understand and decide which approaches to use to meet their particular project needs. It is also important to understand when and how you can take advantage of unit pricing in contracts. Fixed- price or lump-sum contracts involve a fixed total price for a well-defined product or service. The buyer incurs little risk in this situation since the price is predetermined. The sellers often pad their estimate somewhat to reduce their risk, realizing their rice must still be competitive. For example, a company could award a fixed-price contract to purchase 100 laser printers with a certain print resolution and print speed to be delivered to one location within two months.

Journalism and Communication - Black Henna Research Paper

Journalism and Communication - Black Henna - Research Paper Example The media recently has had reports concerning the use of henna and demonizing almost all the types of henna in use presently. But it is worth noting with great concern that not all the henna in circulation today is not harmful to the users. Among the reported side effects of the henna are occurrences of sore skin, the continuous irritation of the skins and to some extents the complete damage and death of skin by drying up due to dehydration. Most of the issues of health safety are majorly common in relation to the black henna which is reported as having a chemical referred to as PPD which contains iron oxide a highly toxic chemical to the human skin with banns in the US and many other countries around the globe. Due to the chemical components of the black henna it offers detrimental ,biological effects to the human skin some of whom use the products without the knowledge of their adverse effects and the possible remedies out of the situations. Historically it is reported that the black henna has been having components of high fecal matter, lead ,bacteria’s and colorants which have been great sources of bad health and to some extent even leading to the loss of lives of humans. The supreme council of health enacted their ban on the use of these beauty products due to their general effects to the human health and the well being of human skin. The effects may be instantaneous, however in certain circumstances the effects are residual and may occur after a long duration of time later on in the lives of an individual. The ban of the use of the black henna is not only in the middle east but the government of the USA also effected a ban on the product ,both the black and the red henna by the customs. Unfortunately some of the products still find their way into the country as imports for use and large scale sales. Some of the elements of the black henna are have oxidants which great affect the red blood cells which do not have G6PD with the inability to fight the effects of these products. Due to the very critical purpose of the red blood cells for the transportation of oxygen in the human body, when the henna becomes extremely high, the ability and the functional ity of the red blood cells become compromised hence can lead to death due to the compromising of the brain of the very necessary and adequate amounts of oxygen to support the functions of glycol sis of the brain. Cases of deaths from the use of black henna in the Emirates have been there ever since the early years. However due to some kind of secrecy within the culture of these people and the high male chauvinism, the cases have not been properly documented or reported for further and in-depth analysis and investigation. However recently there was a wide rumor of a girl who died after the over use of the black henna and the rumors about her death were reported to have been due to the adverse effects of the use of this product for a prolonged time span. Some cases of deaths due to the poisoning from black henna were equally reported in the Qatar and this subsequently lead to directives from the governments for the immediate sanctions and closures of all the salons involved and practi cing similar business. Governments of the most of the middle east countries like Egypt ,The Emirates and Saudi Arabia have had to take drastic measures through their ministries of